Fig. 2
From: Viral manipulation of the cellular sumoylation machinery
Targeting SUMO and the SUMO-activating Enzymes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) activates the sumo promoters, resulting in increased intracellular pools of SUMO and increased protein sumoylation. Following transcription of the sumo genes, let-7 microRNAs bind to the mRNA, inhibiting its translation. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV inhibit the expression of let-7 microRNAs, increasing protein sumoylation and suppressing viral replication. The influenza virus RNA polymerase also increases SUMO levels resulting in SUMO remodeling within the cell. Adenovirus (ADV) Gam1 induces the ubiquitination and degradation of SAE1. The loss of SAE1 promotes degradation of SAE2 and decreases the sumoylation of cellular proteins. Gam1 expression also induces the translocation of SUMO-1 to the cytoplasm and the destruction of the anti-viral promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies. The herbal ginkgolic acid and Davidiin both inhibit the interaction of SUMO with the SAEs