Targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its interplay with TGF-β and Notch signaling pathways for the treatment of chronic wounds

Table 2 List of target genes activated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling during wound healing

Wound healing phase	Wnt/β-catenin target genes	Cell type	Function in wound healing	Ref.
Inflammation	IL4	Macrophages	Activate switch from M1 to M2 macrophages	[55, 56]
	IL10	Macrophages	Activate switch from M1 to M2 macrophages	[57]
	ARG1	Macrophages	Activates tissue repair	[55, 56]
	EDN1	Monocytes/macrophages	Activates cytokine production in monocytes/macrophages	[58, 59]
	MMP9	T cells	T cell migration to wound site	[60]
Proliferation	CCND1	Epithelial cells	Activates cell proliferation	[61]
	AXIN2	Epithelial cells	Cell proliferation	[59]
	FN1	Epithelial cells	Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition	[23, 62]
	MYC	Epithelial cells	Promotes proliferation of epidermal stem cells and keratinocytes	[63]
	EGFR	Epidermal cells	Proliferation and migration of keratinocytes	[8]
	VEGFA	Endothelial cells	Activates angiogenesis	[8, 64]
	FGF2	Epithelial cells	Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition	[65]
	SNAI1	Epithelial cells	Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition	[66]
	MMP7	Endo/epithelial/macrophages	Formation of granulation tissue	[8, 67]
Remodeling	COL1A1	Epithelial cells/fibroblasts	Deposition of new ECM	[8]
	ACTA2	Epithelial cells/fibroblasts	Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition	[68]
	TIMP1	Epithelial cells/fibroblasts	ECM deposition and scar formation	[69]
	TGFB1	Macrophages/Fibroblasts	Wound closure and scar formation	[70, 71]
	CCN4	Fibroblasts	Proliferation and migration	[72]
	VIM	Fibroblasts	Fibroblast to myofibroblast transition	[73]

ISSN: 1478-811X