Fig. 2

Colorectal cancer: In the bacterial treatment of colorectal cancer, the whole bacterial cell and its metabolites can be used, including probiotics associated with the bacteria, peptides such as bacteriocins, or bacterial toxins. The anti-cancer mechanism of this type of treatment includes: 1) Creating pores in the cell membrane, 2) induction of apoptosis, 3) TNF-α production, 4) inhibition of metastasis. Sometimes molecular sites lead to apoptosis of cancer cells through intrinsic or extrinsic pathways. C. perfringens enterotoxin (bacterial toxin) CPE can directly interact with claudin-3 and claudin-4, which are overexpressed in colorectal cancer cell membranes. Another mechanism of the anticancer effect of bacterial toxins is cytotoxicity through the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Bacteriocins create membranous adhesions when attached to the membrane and a specific type of cell surface that induces cell lysis and cell death