Table 1 Biomarkers of sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS
Biomarkers | Detection object | Change | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) | Plasma and alveolar fluid clearance | ↑ | [177] |
Specific surfactant proteins (SP) | Pulmonary edema fluid; plasma | SP-D↓; SP-A↑ | [178] |
Membrane glycoprotein KL6 | BALF and plasma | ↑ | [179] |
Club cell secretory protein (CCSP) | Plasma | ↑ | |
Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) | Plasma and edema fluid | ↑ | [182] |
Angiopoietin1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) | Plasma | ↑ | |
E-selectin | Plasma | ↑ | [186] |
IL-1β, TNFα, IL-8 and IL-6 | Plasma | ↑ | |
IL-10 | Plasma | ↓ | [188] |
High mobility group box nuclear protein (HMGB) 1 | Plasma | ↑ | [189] |
Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) | Plasma | ↑ | [190] |
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) | BALF | ↑ | [191] |
Thrombomodulin (TM) | Pulmonary edema fluid and Plasma | ↑ | [192] |
Protein C | Plasma | ↓ | [193] |
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | BALF | ↓ | |
Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) | Epithelial lining fluid | ↑ | [196] |
KL-6 | Plasma | ↑ |