Fig. 3

Description of PTEN as an emerging target in RA. A: PTEN deficiency promotes VECs movement and infiltration; delayed pericyte development; and inhibition of VSMCs differentiation, ultimately leading to an imbalance in vascular homeostasis. B: PTEN deficiency promotes the proliferation and invasion of FLS and the formation of a proactive inflammatory relief, leading to excessive synovial tissue formation and ultimately joint injury. C: PTEN deficiency disrupts the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, promotes osteoclast survival, decreases chondrocyte viability, and accelerates bone degeneration