Fig. 1

Suicidal NETosis: The activation of neutrophils by various stimuli, such as Abs, PMA, or cholesterol crystals, initiates a cascade of events after hours. At first, Ras is triggered, which is then followed by the activation of PKC via the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. As a result, PKC triggers the generation of ROS through NADPH oxidase. The presence of ROS initiates the breakdown of azurophilic granules, resulting in the release of NE and MPO. Furthermore, the activation of PAD4 plays a role in chromatin decondensation. After the nuclear membrane is disrupted, the chromatin is released into the cytosol, where it undergoes changes with the help of granular and cytoplasmic proteins. Ultimately, GSDMD disturbs the cell membrane, resulting in the release of NETs into the extracellular space and the subsequent death of neutrophils