Fig. 2
Schematic overview of major mechanisms and key regulators in cellular crosstalk within PF microenvironment. (FMT: fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation; ECM: extracellular matrix; TSLP: thymic stromal lymphopoietin; MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase 9; IL: interleukin; LR: leucine arginine; UPR: endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; IRE1α: requiring enzyme 1α; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; AEC: alveolar epithelial cell; IL: interleukin; ATII: alveolar epithelial cell type II; COX: Cyclooxygenase; BCL2: B-cell lymphoma-2; PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/ protein kinase B; STING: stimulator of interferon genes; GM-CSF: Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; Ninj1: nerve injury-induced protein 1; Shh: Sonic hedgehog; 12-LOX: 12-lipoxygenase)