Fig. 1
From: Sex differences in colorectal cancer: with a focus on sex hormone–gut microbiome axis
Sex hormone differences in CRC risk and outcome. a Molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of estradiol against CRC. b Association between sex hormones and CRC. CRC, colorectal cancer. ER, estrogen receptor. E2, Estradiol/17β-estradiol. ORX, orchiectomy. OVX, ovariectomy. PGR, progesterone receptor. P4, progesterone. SHGB, sex hormone-binding globulin. T, testosterone. TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages. TIME, Tumor immune microenvironment