Fig. 2

The role of asparagine during cellular stress. Asparagine is synthesized under the catalytic action of ASNS using aspartate and glutamine as raw materials, in which glutamine serves as the carbon source as well as the nitrogen source. When cells are under stress due to the shortage of nutrients, ISR or ERS are initiated, which increases the production of asparagine to maintain cell growth and development by upregulating the expression of ASNS. When raw materials are deficient or the expression of ASNS fails to be activated, cells cannot synthesize sufficient asparagine, leading to apoptosis through ETC damage. Mito, Mitochondrion