Table 1 Driving forces and functions of common biomolecular condensates
From: Phase separation-mediated biomolecular condensates and their relationship to tumor
Biomolecular condensates | Drive forces | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Nucleoli | RNA-proteins | rRNA synthesis and nascent ribosome assembly | Pederson et al. [15] Brangwynne etal. [20] |
P granules | RNA-proteins | Embryonic development | Brangwynne et al. [19] |
Stress granules | RNA-proteins | Induce tumor | Protter et al. [23] Tian et al. [27] |
Tau protein | Protein IDRs | Induce neurodegenerative diseases | Wegmann et al. [24] |
Nucleosomes | DNA-proteins | Chromosome assembly | Gibson et al. [28] |
HP1α-H3K9me3 | Protein IDRs | Heterochromatin constriction | Larson et al. [29] |
Swi6-Nucleosomes | Protein IDRs | Nucleosome assembly | Sanulli et al. [30] |
NUP98-HOXA9 | Protein IDRs | Induce leukemia transformation | Ahn et al. [31] |
Centrosomes,Centromeres, and Mitotic spindles | Protein IDRs DNA-proteins | Cell division | Joseph et al. [4] |
EB1-Microtubule | Protein IDRs | Chromosome separation | Song et al. [32] |
cGAS-dsDNA | DNA-proteins | Signal transduction | pan et al. [33] |
TRAF6-TLR4 | Protein IDRs | Signal transduction | Li et al. [34] |
PPARγ-RXRα-PPRE | DNA-proteins | Regulation of gene expression | Li et al. [35] |
Autophagosomes | Protein IDRs | Initiation of autophagy | Fujioka et al. [36] |
PGL particles | RNA-proteins | Escape of autophagy | Zheng et al. [37] |
abLIM1 protein | Protein IDRs | Microfilament assembly | Yang et al. [38] |
PSD | Protein IDRs | Neural synapse formation | Chen et al. [39] |
SH3-PRM proteins | Protein modules | Cell signal transduction | Pilong Li [40] |
DDX4 | Protein IDRs | Regulation of RNA metabolism | Nott et al. [41] |
FUS family proteins | RNA-proteins | Induce neurodegenerative diseases | Wang et al. [42] Qamar et al. [43] |
NLRP6-dsRNA | RNA-proteins | Activation of the inflammasome | Shen et al. [44] |
P bodies | RNA-proteins | Maintenance of RNA stability | Tian et al. [27] |
TDP-43 | RNA-proteins | Induce neurodegenerative diseases | Lara et al. [45] |
P62-ubiquitination | Protein IDRs | Degradation of autophagy | Sun et al. [46] |
UBQLN2 | Protein IDRs | Ubiquitination-Proteasomal degradation | Dao et al. [47] |
α-syn protein | Protein IDRs | Induce neurodegenerative diseases | Marotta et al. [48] |
Nephin-NCK-N-WASP | Protein IDRs | Regulation of actin polymerization in renal podocytes | Jones et al. [49] |
LAT-Grb2-Sos1 | Protein IDRs | Immune signal transduction | Huang et al. [50] |
AGOs-miRNAs | RNA-proteins | Ubiquitination-Proteasomal degradation | Gao et al. [51] |
FIP200 | Protein IDRs | Initiation of autophagy | Zheng et al. [52] |
53BP1-P53 | Protein IDRs | DNA damage repair | Kilic et al. [53] |
SLX4-XPF | Protein IDRs | DNA damage repair | Alghoul et al. [54] |
NONO-SFPQ | Protein IDRs | Tumor radioresistance | Udayakumar et al. [55] |
EWS-FLI1 | Protein IDRs | Induce Ewing sarcoma | Shirnekhi et al. [56] |
EML4-ALK | Protein IDRs | Induce lung cancer | Tulpule et al. [57] |
CCDC6-RET | Protein IDRs | Induce thyroid cancer | Tulpule et al. [57] |
Enhancers and SEs | Protein IDRs RNA-proteins | Regulation of gene expression | Hnisz et al. [58] |
YAP/TAZ | Protein IDRs | Regulation of genes | Lu et al. [59] |
Laforin-Mst1/2 complex | Protein IDRs | Induce liver cancer | Liu et al. [60] |
kb-1980E6.3-IGF2BP1 | RNA-proteins | Induce Breast cancer | Zhu et al. [61] |
p53 family proteins | Protein IDRs | Induce tumor | Kanapathipillai et al. [62] |
PML bodies | Protein IDRs | Inhibit tumor development | Mu et al. [63] |
PML-RARα | Protein IDRs | Induce acute promyelocytic leukemia | Wang et al. [64] |
AR-MED1 | Protein IDRs | Regulate the expression of androgen-dependent genes | Zhang et al. [65] |
icFSP1-FSP1 | Protein IDRs | Inhibite tumor | Nakamura et al. [66] |