Fig. 4

Oncogenic properties of Exos. Exos can transfer specific signaling molecules with the potential to increase tumor cell metastasis and the formation of metastatic foci in remote sites. Abbreviations: MMPs: Matrix metallopeptidase, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase, PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog, AKT: Protein kinase B, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β, IL-1 β: Interleukin 1 β, TSP-1: Thrombospondin-1, Snail: Zinc finger protein SNAI1, Slug: Zinc-Finger Protein Slug, HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α, PDL1: Programmed death-ligand 1, FasL: Fas ligand, SMAD:, PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases, STAT: Signal transducers and activators of transcription, JAK: Janus kinases, NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, HSP: Heat shock proteins, PGE2: Prostaglandin E2, IL: Interleukin, TNFα: Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor, TSG A10: Testis-specific gene antigen 10, ANGPT2: Angiopoietin-2, TGF-βR3: Transforming growth factor-β receptor 3, S100A4:, TP53INP1: Tumor Protein P53 inducible nuclear Protein 1, mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, SOCS3: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ECM: Extracellular Matrix, CAF: Cancer Associated fibroblast, DCs: Dendritic cells, Treg: Regulatory T cell, Th1: Type 1 T helper, Th17: Type 17 T helper, CTLs: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells, NK: Natural killer cells