Fig. 3
From: Tumorigenic and tumoricidal properties of exosomes in cancers; a forward look
Cancer cells can use Exos for the regulation of various signaling factors associated with tumor metastatic behavior, chemoresistance, vascularization, and immune escape. Abbreviations: CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β, IL-1 β: Interleukin 1 β, FGF: Fibroblast Growth Factor, PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor, TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases, MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase, RhoA: Ras Homolog Family Member A, Notch: Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein, IL: Interleukin, GM-CSF: Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CXCL: CXC motif chemokine ligand, MMP: Matrix metallopeptidase, PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog, AKT: Protein kinase B, WNT: Wingless-related integration site, Snail: Zinc finger protein SNAI1, SMAD2: SMAD family member 2, SMAD3: SMAD family member 3, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase, FAK: Focal adhesion kinase, YAP: Yes-associated protein 1, SDF1: Stromal cell-derived factor 1, HDGF: Hepatoma-derived growth factor, EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EndMT: Endothelial-mesenchymal transition, ECM: Extracellular Matrix, MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells