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Fig. 2 | Cell Communication and Signaling

Fig. 2

From: Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases

Fig. 2

Dual effects of microglia on the BBB. Microglia can polarize into M1 and M2 subtypes under different stimuli and can exert destructive and protective effects on the BBB, respectively. Proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS upregulate the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and cause direct damage to the BBB (TJ, astrocyte endfeet and pericyte degradation), promoting the recruitment and migration of immune cells from the blood. Created with BioRender.com

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Cell Communication and Signaling

ISSN: 1478-811X