Fig. 4

Impact of treatment with the combined inhibitors on extracellular vesicle (EV)-induced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) release. J82 human bladder urothelial carcinoma cells were treated with J82 cell-derived EVs or with a pool of isolated EVs from urine samples collected from patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (A), along with either 2.5 µM or 5 µM of the CD147 inhibitor AC-73, in the absence or presence of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI, 300 ng/ml, B) for 24 h. Recombinant CD147 (rCD147) was used as a positive control to induce MMP activity. The induction of MMPs was measured using colorimetric enzymatic methods