Fig. 4

Effects of increased intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration by CaEP on microtubules in EA.hy926 and HMEC-1 cells. A Representative confocal images show changes in the cytoskeleton α-tubulin in EA.hy926 and HMEC-1 cells at 1, 4 and 24 h after EP alone or after CaEP in the presence of 0.5, 2 or 3 mM Ca²⁺. B The plots represent quantification of the changes in average α-tubulin mean fluorescence intensity after CaEP at 1, 4 and 24 h time points. Data were normalized to the control and presented as AM ± SEM (n ≥ 3). Statistical significance was determined using a nonparametric one-way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis). A P value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant (*P < 0.05, and ** P < 0.01 vs control (Ctrl)). Scale bar: 15 μm