Fig. 4

Conditioned medium of macrophages following succinate treatment triggered renal fibroblast proliferation and activation. 500 μM succinate was used to stimulate RAW 264.7 cells for 48 h, and the conditioned medium was collected, centrifuged, and incubated with NRK-49F. A The results of the CCK8 assay and EdU staining displayed that the conditioned medium of the succinate group enhanced NRK-49F proliferation. ***P < 0.001, versus control group, n = 6 in CCK8 and n = 3 in EdU staining, biologically repeated 3 times. B Protein levels of fibronectin and α-SMA were increased by the conditioned medium of the succinate group. ***P < 0.001, versus control group, n = 3, biologically repeated 3 times