Table 1 Characteristics of the study cohort

Age, yr *

60 ± 12

60 ± 11

60 ± 10

57 ± 11

0.56

Male,n ^#

43 (81.13%)

70 (66.04%)

33 (58.93%)

77 (49.36%)

< 0.001 ^{a b}

Body mass index, kg/m²⁺

25.69 (3.81)

25.14 (5.1)

25.15 (4.84)

25 (5.48)

0.828

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg ⁺

128 (22)

131 (24)

124 (27)

124 (22)

0.021 ^b

diastolic blood pressure, mmHg ⁺

77 (16)

76 (16)

73 (17)

75 (12)

0.51

Smoking status

< 0.001^{a e}

Never or Past ^#

31 (58.49%)

62 (58.49%)

38 (67.86%)

127 (81.41%)

Current ^#

22 (41.51%)

44 (41.51%)

18 (32.14%)

29 (18.59%)

Drinking status

< 0.001^{a b}

 Non-heavy Drinker ^#

25 (47.17%)

73 (68.87%)

38 (67.86%)

123 (78.85%)

 Heavy Drinker ^#

28 (52.83%)

33 (31.13)

18 (32.14%)

33 (21.15%)

Basic diseases

 Hypertension ^#

35 (66.04%)

63 (59.43%)

37 (66.07%)

65 (41.67%)

0.001^{a b c}

 Diabetes ^#

23 (43.4%)

34 (32.08%)

17 (30.36%)

21 (13.46%)

< 0.001^{a b c}

Long term oral medication

 Aspirin ^#

46 (86.79%)

88 (83.02%)

42 (75%)

60 (38.46%)

< 0.001^{a b c}

 Clopidogrel ^#

33 (62.26%)

69 (65.09%)

37 (66.07%)

8 (5.13%)

< 0.001^{a b c}

 Stain ^#

44 (83.02%)

81 (76.42%)

47 (82.93%)

67 (42.95%)

< 0.001^{a b c}

 β-block ^#

38 (71.7%)

64 (60.38%)

34 (60.71%)

46 (29.49%)

< 0.001^{a b c}

 Calcium Channel Blockers ^#

8 (15.09%)

26 (24.53%)

17 (30.36%)

29 (18.59%)

0.155

 ACEI or ARB ^#

25 (47.17%)

37 (34.91%)

26 (46.43%)

35 (22.44%)

0.001^{a c}

Laboratory results

 Blood Urea Nitrogen, mmol/L ⁺

5.05 (2.73)

5.11 (2.1)

5.4 (1.4)

5.05 (1.8)

0.26

 Creatinine, umol/L ⁺

71.5 (20.28)

66 (23)

62 (22.84)

62 (19)

< 0.001^{a d e}

 Uric Acid, umol/L ⁺

333 (141.25)

308 (109)

327 (123)

310 (111)

0.111

 Glucose, mmol/L ⁺

5.29 (2.87)

5.19 (2.07)

4.84 (1.9)

4.76 (0.82)

< 0.001^{a b}

 Triglyceride, mmol/L ⁺

1.48 (1.03)

1.37 (0.99)

1.57 (1.18)

1.32 (0.88)

0.114

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L ⁺

3.47 (1.36)

3.34 (1.26)

3.42 (1.29)

3.96 (1.18)

0.001^b

 High Density Lipoprotein, mmol/L ⁺

1.04 (0.31)

1.02 (0.39)

1.06 (0.41)

1.14 (0.46)

0.002^{a b}

 Low Density Lipoprotein, mmol/L ⁺

2.09 (1.31)

2.03 (1.05)

1.84 (1.17)

2.53 (1.06)

< 0.001^{b c}

 Apolipoprotein AI, g/L *

0.99 ± 0.22

1.0 ± 0.33

1.1 ± 0.29

1.1 ± 0.28

0.002^{a b}

 Apolipoprotein B, g/L *

0.91 ± 0.31

0.87 ± 0.29

0.89 ± 0.31

0.96 ± 0.29

0.08

 Lipoprotein(a), mg/L ⁺

195.02 (247.72)

125.89 (245.44)

123.2 (161.8)

105.35 (180.23)

0.124