Fig. 1

The major steps in autophagy. The events of autophagy include the initiation and autophagosome formation, the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and ALR. Autophagy starts with the initiation at the omegasome, and the phagophore expands to form the mature autophagosome. ATG9 vesicles transport membrane components of mitochondria and Golgi to facilitate the phagophore expansion. After formation, the autophagosome is translocated and fuses with the lysosome to become the autolysosome. After degradation, autolysosome tubulation generates proto-lysosomes, which finally mature into new lysosomes