Table 2 Effects of macrophages-derived exosomes on bone
From: Non-bone-derived exosomes: a new perspective on regulators of bone homeostasis
Cell Source | Exosome Cargo | Cargo Function | Role in Bone Metabolism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
M2 macrophage | miR-378a | Increase the expression of MSC osteoinductive gene BMP2 | Promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs | [87] |
M2 macrophage | miR-690 | Activate IRS-1/TAZ signaling pathway | Promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and inhibits adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs. | [92] |
M2 macrophage | miR-5106 | Inhibits the expression of SIK2 and SIK3 | Promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. | [93] |
M2 macrophage | miR-26a-5p | Promote the expression of ALP, RUNX-2, OPN, and Col-2 | Promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and inhibits adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs. | [94] |
M2 macrophage | IL-10 mRNA | Promotes the expression of IL-10 and activates the IL-10/IL-10R pathway. | Promote osteogenesis, inhibit osteoclastogenesis. | [95] |
M2 macrophage | Multiple differentially expressed microRNAs (DE-miRNA) | Upregulated the expression of ALP and OCN | Promote the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs | [96] |
M1 macrophage | miR-155 | Inhibit the expression of BMP2, BMP9 and RUNX2 | Reduced osteogenic differentiation. | [87] |
M1 macrophage | miR-98 | Downregulates the expression of DUSP1 and activates the JNK signaling pathway. | Increased osteoclastogenesis, exacerbate bone loss in patients with osteoporosis. | [97] |