Table 1 Effects of bone-derived exosomes on bone
From: Non-bone-derived exosomes: a new perspective on regulators of bone homeostasis
Cell Source | Exosome Cargo | Cargo Function | Role in Bone | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BMSC | – | Activate the BMP-2/Smad1/RUNX2 and the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways. | Enhances osteogenesis, angiogenesis and bone healing. | [63] |
BMSC | – | Promote the expression of related proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway. | Promotes osteoblast proliferation. | [64] |
BMSC | miR-146a-5p, miR-503-5p, miR-483-3p, miR-129-5p | Activate the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways | Promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. | [65] |
BMSC | miR-122-5p | Downregulate expression of SPRY2 through RTK/Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. | Promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. | [66] |
BMSC | miR-206 | Increase expression of OCN and BMP, decreased expression of Elf3 | Promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. | [67] |
BMSC | miR-19b | Repress the expression of WWP1 or Smurf2 and elevates KLF5 expression through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. | Promote the differentiation of human BMSCs into osteoblasts, increase bone formation and reduce bone resorption. | [68] |
BMSC | miR-146a | Decreased expression of Smad4 and NF2 proteins. | Promote angiogenesis. | [69] |
BMSC | miR-218 | Downregulate the expression of Wnt signaling pathway inhibitors (SOST, DKK2, SFRP2). | Promote commitment and differentiation of BMSC | [70] |
BMSC | miR-128-3p | Inhibite the expression of Smad5. | Inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. | [71] |
BMSC | miR-31a-5p | Inhibit the expression of SATB2, E2F2 and RhoA | Promote adipose differentiation and aging of BMSCs, inhibit osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and promote osteoclastogenesis. | [72] |
Osteoblast | miR-503-3p | Inhibit the expression of Hpse. | Inhibit osteoclast differentiation. | [73] |
Osteoblast | RANKL | Binding to RANK of osteoclast precursors. | Promotes the formation of osteoclasts. | [74] |
Osteoblast | – | Decreased expression and activity of the ALP gene. | Promotes the catabolism of BMSCs. | [75] |
Osteoclast | miR-214 | Inhibit the expression of ATF4. | Inhibits the activity of osteoblasts. | [76] |
Osteoclast | miR-214-3p | Inhibit mRNA levels of osteoblast activity-related marker genes. | Inhibit the activity of osteoblasts and reduce bone formation. | [77] |
Osteocytes | miR-181b-5p | Activate the PTEN/AKT and BMP2/Runx2 signaling pathways. | Promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of HPDLSC. | [78] |
Osteocytes | miR-218 | Inhibit the expression of SOST. | Promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. | [79] |