Fig. 1
From: Non-bone-derived exosomes: a new perspective on regulators of bone homeostasis
a The main sources of nonbone exosomes. b Composition of exosomes. The three main components of exosomes are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Lipids are the main components of the exosome matrix, and some specific lipids and related metabolic enzymes affect the formation and release of exosomes. In addition to lipids, proteins are also enriched on the surfaces of exosomes. Various surface proteins are involved in the sorting and signal transduction of exosomes, and some proteins are also regarded as marker proteins of exosomes. In addition, there are various nucleic acid molecules, including DNA, mRNA and miRNA, that determine the specificity of exosome function. c The main positive effects of non-bone-derived exosomes in bone