Fig. 1

Mechanisms and key regulators of ferroptosis. Dysfunction of iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant capacity are involved in the occurrence of ferroptosis. Key regulators in the antioxidant pathway, such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), tetrahydrobioptrin (BH4) and mitochondrial iron metabolism, play an important role in ferroptosis. The arrows represent promotion, and the red lines represent inhibition. Cys2, cystine; SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11; SLC3A12, solute carrier family 3 member 2; Glu, glutamic acid; Cys, cysteine; GCL, glutamic acid cysteine ligase; GSS, glutathione synthetase; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, Glutathione oxidized; Lyso-PE, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine; MBOAT1, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 1; MBOAT2, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 2; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; AA, arachidonoyl; AdA, adrenoyl; ACSL4, acyl-CoA synthesis long chain family member 4; LPCAT3, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3; ALOX15, arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase; LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides; LOH, lipid alcohols; BH2, dihydrobiopterin; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; DHF, dihydrofolate; DHODH, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; DHO, dihydroorotase; OA, orotic acid; SLC25A37, solute carrier family 25 member 37; SLC25A28, solute carrier family 25 member 28; FT, ferritin; CISD1/2, CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1/2; LIP, labile iron pool