Fig. 3

Peritoneal mesothelial cells and M1-polarized Macrophage Mainly Produced Extracellular Succinate. A Extracellular succinate secretion measured in different cell types, such as macrophage, HMrSV5 cells and hESCs. B The highest level of succinate was in the co-cultured medium of M1-polarized macrophages after co-culture with HMrSV5 cells or hESCs. C Naive macrophage state (M0) co-cultured with HMrSV5 cells or hESCs could trigger high level of succinate secretion in the cell medium, but not with IL-6 or CCL2 stimulation. D Similarly, extracellular succinate secretion was increased under IL-6 exposure or in co-culture of M1 macrophages and HMrSV5 cells. Statistical significance was assessed either with t test or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s or Holm-Sidak’s post-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001