Fig. 1

rTGFβ1 protected mice from RS218 and repressed the neuroinflammation. A Effects of the rTGFβ1 pre-treatment at 1 μg/kg (for 12 h) on the survival of the mice after the challenge of RS218 (n = 10). **p < 0.01. B ELISA analysis of IL-6 and MIP-2 in brain lysates from RS218 challenged mice with or without rTGFβ1 pre-treatment at 1 μg/kg (n = 5). Data are presented as mean ± SD from five individual mice in each group. **p < 0.01. C Mice were challenged with RS218 and pretreated with TGFβ1 (at 1 μg/kg) or SAG (at 10 mg/kg). Microglia were labeled with anti-IBA1 in green, and nuclei were labeled with DAPI in blue. Right panel: high magnifications of the areas delineated by a rectangle. The arrows and the rectangle indicated the typical activated microglia. Scale bar = 200 μm. D IF assays demonstrating the E-selectin expression in brains of mice challenged by RS218 with or without rTGFβ1 pre-treatment (at 1 μg/kg). The E-selection was stained in red. CD31 was specifically applied for labeling the micro-vessels in green. The cell nucleus was stained in blue with DAPI. Scale bar = 50 μm