Triggers for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis: a review and update

Table 1 List of pathogens associated with the onset or recurrence of psoriasis

Pathogens	Routes of Infections	References
Bacteria
Streptococci pyogenes	tonsil	Thorleifsdottir et al. 2016 [27]
Staphylococcus aureus	skin, tonsil	Ng et al. 2017 [28]
Mycoplasma faucium	oral cavity	Arabatzis et al. 2022 [29]
Porphyromonas gingivalis	oral cavity	Moen et al. 2006 [30], Cheng et al. 2016 [31]
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans	oral cavity	Moen et al. 2006 [30]
Helicobacter pylori	digestive tract	Yu et al. 2019 [32]
Chlamydophila psittaci	respiratory transmission	Stinco et al. 2012 [33]
Viruses
Human immunodeficiency virus	maternal–fetal, sexual, transfusion-related transmission	Morar et al. 2010 [34]
Human papillomavirus	skin or mucous membranes	Chen et al. 2020 [35]
Hepatitis C virus	blood transmission	Chun et al. 2017 [36]
Varicella zoster virus	skin	Garg et al. 2012 [37]
Epstein-Barr virus	oral transmission	Jiyad et al. 2015 [38]
Parvovirus B19	respiratory transmission	Yazici et al. 2006 [39]
Cytomegalovirus	humoral transmission	Weitz et al. 2011 [40] Yoneda et al. 2012 [41]
Zika virus	arthropod-borne, maternal–fetal, sexual, and transfusion-related transmission	Paniz et al. 2018 [42]
Coxsackie B	digestive and respiratory transmission	Korzhova et al. 2001 [43]
Human endogenous retrovirus	skin	Molès et al. 2005 [44]
Chikungunya	arthropod-borne transmission	Seetharam et al. 2011 [45]
COVID-19	respiratory transmission	Kutlu et al. 2020 [46]
Fungi
Candida albicans	skin	de Jesús-Gil C et al. 2021 [47], Park et al. 2018 [48]
Malassezia	skin	Rudramurthy et al. 2014 [49]

ISSN: 1478-811X