Table 1 The regulation and function of polyamine in carcinogenesis
From: Polyamines: their significance for maintaining health and contributing to diseases
Neoplasm type | Target gene | Regulation | Expression | Associated protein | Inhibitor | Concentration/Activity | Polyamine level | Function | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OC | MYC | positive | High | ODC | DFMO | ↓ | ↓ | inducing apoptosis through regulation of AP-1 by DFMO | [67] |
/ | / | / | ODC | DEMO + aza | ↓ | ↓ | Increasing anti-tumor M1 macrophages through DFMO and aza | [68] | |
/ | / | / | ODC | DFMO | ↓ | ↓ | enhancing the cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors via DFMO | [69] | |
/ | / | / | ODC | SBP-101 | ↓ | ↓ | suppressing OC via SBP-101 | [70] | |
HCC | MAT1A | positive | Low | MATI/III | / | ↓ | ↓ | increasing HCC cell proliferation | |
MAT2A | positive | High | MATII | / | ↑ | ↑ | activating MAT2A in turn | [74] | |
/ | / | / | GSK-3β | SSAT | ↓ | ↓ | suppressing tumor progression and metastasis | [75] | |
/ | / | / | HDAC4 | Spd | ↓ | ↑ | enhancing autophagy flux | [76] | |
GC | SMO | positive | High | SMO | / | ↑ | ↓ | promotes H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis | [77] |
/ | / | / | SMO | / | ↑ | ↓ | increasing gastric cancer risk by H. pylori-induced overexpression of SMO | [78] | |
CagA | positive | High | SMO | / | ↑ | ↓ | increasing malignant transformation through CagA | [79] | |
AMD1 | positive | High | AMD1 | SAM486A | ↓ | ↓ | suppressing tumor growth by inhibiting AMD1 | [80] | |
CRC | MAT2A | positive | High | MATII | / | ↑ | ↑ | activating MAT2A in turn | [74] |
MYC | positive | High | ODC | / | ↑ | ↑ | activating ODC through mutant APC | ||
APC | positive | High | ODC | DFMO | ↓ | ↓ | suppressing colorectal carcinogenesis by DFMO | [83] | |
/ | / | / | GSK-3β | SSAT | ↓ | ↓ | suppressing tumor progression and metastasis | [75] | |
K-RAS | negative | High | Caveolin-1 | / | ↓ | ↑ | boosting polyamine uptake via caveolin-1 phosphorylation | [84] | |
PDAC | / | / | / | EP300 | Spd | ↓ | ↑ | inhibiting EP300 via Spd | |
MTAP | negative | Low | ODC | / | ↑ | ↑ | increasing ODC through the loss of MTAP | ||
PCa | / | / | / | MTAP; SSAT | MTDIA + BENSpm | ↓;↑ | ↓ | Delaying or preventing PCa recurrence | [90] |
PTEN | negative | Low | AdoMetDC | / | ↑ | ↑ | promoting tumor growth | [91] | |
MYC | positive | Low | ODC | PGC1-α | ↓ | ↓ | suppressing PCa | [92] | |
Neuroblastoma | MYCN | positive | High | ODC | DFMO | ↓ | ↑ | inhibiting MYCN-induced Neuroblastoma initiation and progression by DFMO | |
MYCN | positive | High | SLC3A2 | / | ↑ | ↑ | increasing polyamine synthesis by regulating SLC3A2 | [97] | |
MYC | positive | High | ODC | DFMO + AMXT-1501 | ↓ | ↓ | emphasizing the necessity of polyamines in Neuroblastoma | [98] | |
MYC | positive | Low | ODC | / | ↓ | ↓ | inhibiting polyamine metabolism by glucose deprivation | [99] |