Fig. 2
From: Polyamines: their significance for maintaining health and contributing to diseases
Cardiovascular protective effect of polyamines. (I) Spd effectively reinstates the NO-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) by augmenting the level of NO bioavailability and abating oxidative stress, therefore reducing blood pressure. (II). Spd increases autophagy flux through the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, contributing to the stimulation of cardiomyocyte protective autophagy. (III). The structure and function of cardiomyocytes can be improved through Titin phosphorylation and mitochondria formation. And Spd can activate mitochondrial biogenesis through SIRT1-mediated PGC-1α deacetylation. (IV). Spd effectively suppresses the release of TNF-α by immune cells, consequently lowering levels of subclinical chronic inflammation and ultimately preventing the onset of myocardial injury. Created with BioRender.com