Table 4 Prospects for the clinical applications of piRNAs and PIWI proteins as biomarkers
From: Novel roles of PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting RNAs in human health and diseases
Source | piRNAs | Cancer type | Role in cancers | Clinical value | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tissue | piR-823 | Esophageal cell squamous carcinoma | Carcinogen | Sensitivity and specificity | [130] |
Tissue | piR-24,000 | Colorectal cancer | Carcinogen | Sensitivity and specificity | [237] |
Tissue | piR-30,924 and piR-38,756 | Clear cell Renal cell carcinomas | Carcinogen | Closely related to tumor metastasis | [245] |
Tissue | piR-57,125 | Clear cell Renal cell carcinomas | Tumor suppressor | Closely related to tumor metastasis | [245] |
Tissue | piR-9491 | Glioblastoma | Tumor suppressor | Closely related to shorter survival | [255] |
Tissue | piR-13,643 and piR-21,238 | Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Carcinogen | Distinguish malignant from benign nodules | [259] |
Sera | piR-020619 | Colorectal cancer | Carcinogen | Sensitivity and specificity | [235] |
Sera | piR-020450 | Colorectal cancer | Carcinogen | Sensitivity and specificity | [235] |
Sera | piR-54,265 | Colorectal cancer | Carcinogen | stable for detection and Quantification, high sensitivity and specificity | [236] |
Sera | piR-651 | Classical Hodgkin lymphoma | Tumor suppressor | Closely related to disease-free survival and overall survival | [252] |
Tissue and Sera | piR-823 | Colorectal cancer | Carcinogen | Distinguish malignant from benign nodules, and high correlation between tissue and serum | [238] |
Gastric juice and tissue | piR-1245 | Gastric Cancer | Carcinogen | Sensitivity and specificity | [233] |
Plasma Evs and Urine | piR-5936 | Bladder Cancer | Carcinogen | Non-invasive biomarkers | [246] |