Table 3 Association of dysregulated piRNAs/PIWI proteins with clinical characterization in cancers and non-cancer diseases
From: Novel roles of PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting RNAs in human health and diseases
Scope of disease | Diseases | piRNA/PIWI protein | Roles in diseases | Clinical features | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digestive system cancers | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | PIWIL2 | Carcinogen | lymph node metastasis, histological type, and clinical stage | [231] [232] |
| Â | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | piR-1037 | Carcinogen | chemotherapy resistance | [114] |
| Â | Esophageal cancer | PIWIL2 | Carcinogen | long-term survival rate, pathological T-stage | [99] |
| Â | Esophageal cancer | piR-823 | Carcinogen | lymph node metastasis and tumor size | [130] |
| Â | Gastric Cancer | piR-823 | Tumor suppressor | NA | [132] |
| Â | Gastric Cancer | piR-1245 | Carcinogen | tumor size, TNM stage, survival time | [233] |
| Â | Gastric Cancer | PIWIL1 | Carcinogen | poor differentiation, high TNM stage | [234] |
| Â | Colorectal cancer | piR-020619 and piR-020450 | Carcinogen | tumor size, early-stage | [235] |
| Â | Colorectal cancer | piR-54,265 | Carcinogen | Stage I, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and tumor recurrence, TNM stage, progression-free survival and overall survival | [107] [236] |
| Â | Colorectal cancer | piR-24,000 | Carcinogen | tumor differentiation, distant metastasis, TNM Stage | [237] |
| Â | Colorectal cancer | piR-823 | Carcinogen | poor differentiation, stage III and IV, poorly differentiated | [90] [115] [238] |
| Â | Colorectal cancer | PIWIL1 | Carcinogen | NA | [239] [240] |
| Â | Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | PIWIL4 | Tumor suppressor | overall survival | [241] |
| Â | Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder carcinoma | piR-10,506,469 and piR-20,548,188 | Carcinogen | NA | [242] |
| Â | Pancreatic cancer | PIWIL1 | Carcinogen | tumor metastasis | [109] |
| Â | Pancreatic cancer | PIWIL2 | Tumor suppressor | overall survival, T-stage and tumor aggressiveness | [243] |
| Â | Pancreatic cancer | PIWIL3 | Tumor suppressor | progression-free and overall survival, neural invasion | [244] |
| Â | Pancreatic cancer | PIWIL4 | Tumor suppressor | progression-free and overall survival, neural invasion, T3-stage | [244] |
| Â | Pancreatic cancer | piR-017061 | Tumor suppressor | poor overall survival | [91] |
| Â | Hepatocellular carcinoma | PIWIL1 | Carcinogen | NA | [118] |
Urinary system cancers | Renal cell carcinoma | piR-57,125 | Tumor suppressor | tumor metastasis, poor overall survival | [104] |
| Â | Renal cell carcinoma | piR-31,115 | Carcinogen | NA | [172] |
| Â | Clear cell renal cell cancer | piR-30,924 and piR-38,756 | Carcinogen | tumor metastasis, poor overall survival | [245] |
| Â | Prostate cancer | piR-001773 and piR-017184 | Carcinogen | shorter overall survival | [101] |
| Â | Prostate cancer | piR-31,470 | Carcinogen | NA | [139] |
| Â | Prostate cancer | piR-19,166 | Tumor suppressor | tumor metastasis and lymph node metastasis | [105] |
| Â | Prostate cancer | PIWIL2 | Carcinogen | lymph node metastasis, and advanced TNM stage | [108] |
| Â | Bladder Cancer | piR-5936 | Carcinogen | increased risk, shorter survival | [246] |
| Â | Bladder Cancer | piR-60,152 | Tumor suppressor | NA | [247] |
Reproductive System cancers | Breast cancers | piR-823 | Carcinogen | NA | [137] |
| Â | Breast cancers | piR-651 | Carcinogen | NA | [144] |
| Â | Breast cancers | piR-36,712 | Tumor suppressor | longer progression-free survival, lymphatic metastasis, | [92] |
| Â | Breast cancers | piRNA-17,560 | Carcinogen | Increase chemotherapy resistance | [112] |
| Â | Cervical cancer | PIWIL2 | Carcinogen | pathological grade, drug resistance | [248] [249] |
| Â | Cervical cancer | piRNA-14,633 | Carcinogen | advanced TNM stage and increased tumor size | [141] |
| Â | Ovarian cancer | piR-52,207 and piR-33,733 | Carcinogen | NA | [250] |
| Â | Endometrial cancer | PIWIL1 | Carcinogen | promote endometrial cancer cell stemness | [113] [137] [138] |
Hematologic Cancers | Acute leukemia | hsa_piR_011186 | Carcinogen | NA | [143] |
| Â | DLBCL | piRNA-30,473 | Carcinogen | overall survival and poor prognosis | [140] |
| Â | Multiple Myeloma | piRNA-823 | Carcinogen | ISS III, shorter overall survival. | [129] [111] |
| Â | Multiple Myeloma | PIWIL1 | Carcinogen | ISS II and ISS III | [251] |
| Â | Myeloma | piR-004800 | Carcinogen | ISS III and MM progression | [93] |
| Â | Classical Hodgkin lymphoma | piR-651 | Tumor suppressor | disease-free survival and overall survival | [252] |
Respiratory cancers | Lung Adenocarcinoma | piR-hsa-211,106 | Tumor suppressor | NA | [116] |
| Â | Non-small cell lung cancer | piR-651 | Carcinogen | distal metastasis and recurrence, inversely correlated with overall survival | [97] [98] |
| Â | Lung cancer | piR-34,871 and piR-52,200 | Carcinogen | NA | [253] |
| Â | Lung Adenocarcinoma | piR-57,125 | Tumor suppressor | distant metastasis | [254] |
| Â | Lung cancer | piR-55,490 | Tumor suppressor | longer survival time | [103] |
Nervous system cancers | Glioblastoma | piR-9491 and piR-12,488, piR-23,231 | Tumor suppressor | Overall survival | [255] |
| Â | Glioblastoma | piRNA-8041 | Tumor suppressor | NA | [94] |
| Â | Glioblastoma | piR-30,188/PIWIL3 | Tumor suppressor | negatively correlated with the pathological grade | [96] |
| Â | Glioblastoma | PIWIL1 | Carcinogen | larger tumor diameter and advanced tumor grading | [95] [256] |
| Â | Glioblastoma | PIWIL1/piRNA-DQ593109 | Carcinogen | drug resistance and poor prognosis | [257] |
| Â | Neuroblastoma | piR-39,980 | Carcinogen | clinical drug resistance | [258] |
Other kind of cancers | Fibrosarcoma | piR-39,980 | Tumor suppressor | promotes sensitivity of fibrosarcoma to DOX | [119] |
| Â | Fibrosarcoma | PIWIL4 | Tumor suppressor | low expression with poor disease-free survival, disease-specific survival, and progression-free survival | [120] |
| Â | Osteosarcoma | piR-39,980 | Carcinogen | invasion and metastasis | [106] |
| Â | papillary thyroid carcinoma | piR-13,643 and piR-21,238 | Carcinogen | tumor stage | [259] |
Nervous system disease | Alzheimer’s disease | piR-34,393 and piR-38,240 | Promoter | causes neurodegeneration in AD | [260] |
| Â | Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | PIWIL1 and PIWIL4 | Protective factor | NA | [261] |
Reproductive system diseases | Preeclampsia | PIWIL1 | Protective factor | earlier gestational weeks, lower birth weight, lower Apgar score, and higher incidence of postpartum hemorrhage. | [262] |
| Â | Adenomyotic lesions | PIWIL2 | Promoter | NA | [263] |
| Â | Infertility | PIWIL1 mutation | Harmful factor | impair sperm quantity and quality | [264] |
Cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | piRNA-63,076 | Harmful factor | increase pulmonary vascular resistance | [136] |
| Â | Cardiac hypertrophy | piR-141,981 | Harmful factor | promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy | [142] |
| Â | Myocardial Infarction | piR_2106027 | Harmful factor | associated with myocardial injury | [265] |
| Â | Trypanosoma cruzi infection in cardiac myocytes | piR46, piR573 and piR587 | Harmful factor | promote myocardial cell fibrosis | [266] |
| Â | Lung fibrosis | PIWIL2 | Protective factor | inhibit radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis | [117] |
| Â | Cerebral ischemic injury | PIWIL2 | Harmful factor | downregulation of PIWIL2 contributes to the neuroprotection | [139] |
Other kind of Disease | HIV-1 Latency | PIWIL4 | Protective factor | inhibit HIV-1 pro-viral DNA expression and establishes and maintains HIV-1 latency in CD4 + T lymphocytes | [122] |