Fig. 6
From: A state-of-the-art review on the NRF2 in Hepatitis virus-associated liver cancer
To melanoma, TLR4 is linked to metastasis in other cancers because its activation causes cell migration. TLR signaling is upregulated in HCC, which implies it may play a crucial role in the prognosis of the underlying chronic and inflammatory disorders that lead to HCC [99]. Activation of B cells, which may play a role in the host's innate immune responses, is a direct result of HCV infection's induction of TLR4 expression. Nonstructural Protein 5A (NS5A) of varying genotypes linked to MyD88, a crucial adaptor protein in TLR, and reduced cytokine release in response to TLR ligands by blocking the recruitment of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1. The development of a mutant NS5A missing the interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) partly restored cytokine production. The ISDR was previously identified as amino acid residues 240 to 280 in NS5A. These findings point to a connection between HCV protein expression and alterations in immune cell TLR signaling [100]. Activation of ERK1/2 and contact with HBx are two mechanisms by which TLR4 promotes tumorigenesis in HBV-related HCC cells [101]