Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of the physiological function of metabolites in the glycolysis pathway. A variety of metabolites produced during glycolysis have very important physiological functions. For example, glucose-6-phosphate is the precursor of gluconeogenesis, and it can enter the pentose phosphate pathway; fructose 1,6-bisphosphate can inhibit osteoclastogenesis; glyceraldehyde phosphate can promote the production of FGF23 by bone; phosphoenolpyruvate can inhibit the differentiation of TH17 cells and regulate the autoimmune system; and lactate can promote the development of the cerebral neocortex. Abbreviations: FGF23: fibroblast growth factor 23; HK2: hexokinase; PFK1: phosphofructokinase-1; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; TAC: tricarboxylic acid cycle; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase