Autophagy-modulating biomaterials: multifunctional weapons to promote tissue regeneration

Table 1 Regulation of autophagy in biological materials

Biomaterials	Target cells	Marker proteins/pathways (downregulation [↓]/upregulation [↑])	Autophagy regulation effect	Ref
Nanogold	NRK cells	LC3↑, p62↑	Blockage of autophagic flow, leading to lysosomal dysfunction	[88]
Fullerene	HeLa, MEF, MCF-7 cells	Atg5	Enhancement of autophagy	[89]
Single-walled carbon nanotubes	Primary glial cells from mice with Alzheimer’s disease	mTOR	Induction of autophagy and activation of lysosomes	[90]
Graphene oxide	HeLa, GFP-Htt(Q74)/PC12	P13K, MEK/ERK1	Induction of autophagy and removal of mutant proteins	[91]
Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots	GC2, TM4 cells	LC3↑/p62↑	Blockage of autophagic flow, leading to lysosomal dysfunction	[92]
Ag	MEF, HeLa	P13K	Induction of autophagy	[93]
Nano Ag	THP-1 Monocytes	LC3↑/p62↑	Blockage of autophagic flow, leading to lysosomal dysfunction	[94]
Dendritic macromolecules	A549 cells	AKT-TSC2-mTOR	Induction of autophagic cell death	[95]
Nano Si	L-02	EIF2AK3 ATF6UPR	Blockage of autophagic flow, leading to lysosomal dysfunction	[96]
cupric oxide	HUVEC	LC3↑/p62↑	Blockage of autophagic flow, leading to lysosomal dysfunction	[97]
Iron oxide	A549, IMR-90 cells	AKT-AMPK-mTOR	Induction of autophagy	[98]
Titanium Dioxide	HaCaT	LC3-II, Beclin 1, ATG5	Low concentration induces autophagy, high concentration blocks autophagy	[99]
DNATetrahedron	Chondrocytes	P13K/AKT/mTOR	Enhancement of cell autophagy	[100]

(Ag=silver;Si=Silicon; DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid; HUVEC = Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells)

ISSN: 1478-811X