Fig. 6
From: Autophagy-modulating biomaterials: multifunctional weapons to promote tissue regeneration
Autophagy-modulating biomaterials promote skin regeneration. a Comparison of the appearance of PEG and SBMA hydrogels. b Zwitterionic SBMA hydrogels inhibit the PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling pathways to enhance autophagy. c Images of skin wounds stained with H&E on days 7 and 14 of treatment with PEG or SBMA hydrogels. (Reproduced with permission [118]; Copyright 2021, Frontiers Media S.A.) (d) Autophagy regulates ERK phosphorylation, which increases the release of VEGF from MSCs, and VEGF further promotes the vascularization of endothelial cells. e Assessment of capillary number in the wounded skin after 2 weeks of subcutaneous and intravenous injections of MSCs. f MSCs (red) and LC3-positive cells (green) 24 h after infusion (Reproduced with permission [147]; Copyright 2018, Nature Portfolio). g SEM images and diameter distribution. h Representative bands for LC3II/I, P62, Beclin-1, ATG5, and ATG7. i Representative images of wound healing on days 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 of treatment with the nanocomposite films CP and CPD (Reproduced with permission [28]; Copyright 2022, Elsevier)