Fig. 3

ITGB1 and cancer metastasis. A Tumor associated fibroblasts express ITGB1, promoting matrix remodeling and matrix deposition, thereby increasing the hardness of tumor tissue. The fibrin matrix is arranged by increasing PDGFR mediated contractility and traction, and then α5/β 1 integrin is converted into fibronectin. Meanwhile, integrins can also be expressed in CAFs to affect tumor cells. In OC, CAF increases the expression level of ITGB1 through DDR2, further upregulating the expression of POSTN in CAF, and thereby promoting the invasive metastasis of OC cells. In CRC, PN in CAFs can pass α5/β1 or α6/β4 integrin leading to AKT phosphorylation, thereby affecting autophagy mediated invasive metastasis of EMT and CRC cells. Extracellular integrins from CAFs α2/β1 integrin are absorbed by lung fibroblasts and trigger TGF- β; during signaling, the salivary gland cystic carcinoma undergoes metastasis. B In GC, the tumor protein CagA is introduced into host cells through Helicobacter pylori. The binding of CagA and ITGB1 leads to p38-mediated IL-8 production. In the presence of type I collagen, ITGB1-positive GC cells facilitate the expression of BCL9L through ITGB1, thereby activating the β-catenin signaling pathway and enhancing the ability of cells to form colonies and proliferate. In LC, the ITGB1-actin-MT1-MMPs/cofilin/F-actin signal axis promotes cancer cell movement in an acidic microenvironment. In CRC, alcohol can promote the interaction between LAMC2 and ITGB1, increasing p-FAK/FAK, snail, fibronectin, N-cadherin, and SATB1, while reducing E-cadherin. C The integrin produced on circulating tumor cells (CTC) significantly enhances the ability of primary tumor cells to migrate to specific organs. Melanoma cells expressing ITGB3 preferentially metastasize to the lungs, while melanoma cells expressing ITGB1 preferentially metastasize to lymph nodes. Extracellular vesicle integrin promotes the formation of pre metastatic niches by interacting with cells or ECMs in specific tissue regions. Exons produced by LC cells α6/β4 and α6/β1 integrin help colonize cancer cells that migrate in the bloodstream. Patients with prostate cancer metastasis show higher levels of ITGA3 and ITGB1 in their urine extracellular vesicles