Fig. 2
From: p38 MAPK signaling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis and inhibitor therapeutics
General p38 Signaling Pathways. The figure illustrates the general pathways of p38 signaling. Environmental signals are transmitted through cell receptors (colored orange) to multiple MAPK kinases (MAP3K, colored pink). These MAPKK kinases phosphorylate downstream MAPK kinases (MAPKK, colored green), which subsequently activate the p38 isoforms. In noncanonical pathways, MAPKs can be activated through phosphorylation by ZAP70/SYK or through interaction with TAB1. Once activated, p38 can either remain in the cytoplasm or translocate into the nucleus, leading to the activation of various transcription factors (colored red) and kinase proteins (colored blue)