Fig. 2

Functions of TDP-43 protein. TDP-43 functions as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein via nuclear pores, which can regulate cellular functions at multiple levels. At the DNA level, TDP-43 is involved in gene transcription, DNA damage, and DNA replication. At the RNA level, TDP-43 is involved in RNA splicing, RNA transport, and RNA stability. TDP-43 is also involved in miRNA biogenesis, stress granules, and various other cellular processes