Fig. 3

Stimulation of naïve mouse splenocytes and BMDCs with EcO83-OMVs. A Mouse splenocytes and (B) BMDCs were stimulated with LPS (1 µg/ml), fixed E. coli O83 (10⁷ CFU/ml), EcO83-OMVs (OMVs; 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, and 100 ng/ml) for 72 and 48 h, respectively. Unstimulated cells served as controls (Medium). Cytokine levels were measured in the cell culture supernatants by ELISA. Data was analysed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *p < 0.5; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01. A Data are representative of four and (B) two independent experiments, respectively. Mean ± SD is shown. Significant differences between EcO83-OMVs and the negative controls are indicated. BMDC = bone marrow-derived dendritic cell; n.d. = not detected