Table 1 Signalling pathways with MAPK activity regulated by CO2
From: Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation
MAPKs | CO2 levels | Duration of CO2 treatment | Starting MAPK activity | Change in MAPK activity in response to CO2 | Signalling pathway | Cell/tissue type | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ERK1/2 | 6.5–15% | 2–15 min | Baseline | ↑ | CO2 signalling | Cultured endothelial cells and bronchial epithelial cells | [10] |
ERK1/2 | 10% | 5–15 min | Baseline | ↑ | Cell proliferation | Human small cell lung cancer cell line | [14] |
ERK1/2 | 120 mm Hg | 5–30 min | Baseline | ↑ | CO2 signalling | A549 cells | [11] |
ERK1/2 | 120 mm Hg | 1–30 min | Baseline | ↑ | CO2 signalling | Rat ATII cells | [12] |
ERK1/2 | 20% (120 mm Hg) | 2 h | Baseline | ↑ | CO2 signalling | PC-12 rat pheochromocytoma cells | [15] |
ERK1/2 | hypocapnic 1000–1200 ppm | 30 min | Baseline | ↓ | CO2 signalling | Rat hindleg skeletal muscle, ex vivo | [16] |
ERK1/2 | 40–45% CO2 (∼300 mm Hg) | 25 min | Baseline | No change | CO2 signalling | Rat cingulate cortex | [17] |
ERK1/2, p38, JNK | 20% (140 mm Hg) | 5–60 min | Active | No change | Innate immune responses to LPS | PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages | [18] |
ERK1/2 | 6.5–13% | 7–15 min | Active | ↓ | H2O2, proinflammatory cytokines, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | Cultured endothelial cells and bronchial epithelial cells | [10] |
ERK1/2 | percutaneous 100% CO2 mist | 10 min once a day | Active | ↓ | Ischaemia | Rodent hindlimb muscle | [19] |
ERK1/2 | 12% | 1 h in vitro, 3 h in vivo | Active | ↓ | Ventilator‐induced lung injury, cyclic stretch | Murine lung, rat primary AECs | [20] |
ERK1/2, p38 | 10% | Overnight | Active | ↓ | Insulin resistance in post-surgical trauma | Adipocytes | [21] |
ERK1/2, JNK | 100% | 5 min | Baseline | ↓ | Euthanasia – CO2 asphyxiation | Murine brain | [22] |
p38 | 100% | 5 min | Baseline | No change | Euthanasia – CO2 asphyxiation | Murine brain | [22] |
p38 | > 60 mm Hg | 1 h | Active | ↓ | Retinal ischaemia–reperfusion injury | Retinal neural cell line | [23] |
p38, JNK | 8% | 2–15 min | Baseline | ↓ | CO2 signalling | Cultured endothelial cells | [10] |
p38, JNK | 80–100 mm Hg | 4 h | Active | ↓ | Injury ventilation; high-pressure mechanical stretch | Rat lungs (primary ATII cells) | [24] |
JNK | 80–120 mm Hg | 10–15 min | Baseline | ↑ | CO2 signalling | ATII cells | |
JNK | 120 mm Hg | 1–15 min | Baseline | ↑ | CO2 signalling | A549 cells | [11] |
JNK | 60 mm Hg | 1–15 min | Baseline | No change | CO2 signalling | ATII cells | [26] |