Fig. 5
From: Unveiling the mechanisms and challenges of cancer drug resistance
Exosome-mediated drug resistance: Drug-resistant tumor cells can connect with drug-sensitive tumor cells through the exchange of exosomes. Exosomes can transport proteins (such as drug-efflux pumps) and other critical components involved in drug resistance. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived exosomes stimulate calcium-dependent protein kinases and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK kinase pathways which in turn activate multiple drug efflux pumps. Figure created with BioRender.com