Table 3 Mechanisms of several ferroptosis inducers

Sorafenib

Vemurafenib

The combination therapy induced ferroptosis by reducing GSH concentration, increasing the production of ROS, MDA (an end product of lipid peroxidation), and iron

[110]

Fluvastatin

-

Downregulated the expression of GPX4

[111]

Vemurafenib

Trametinib

down regulated the expression of SLC7A11

[112]

Vemurafenib

Erastin or RSL3

Increased ferroptosis in resistance melanoma cells by targeting GPX4 and System Xc⁻ transporte

[113]

Dioscin

Rapamycin

Cisplatin Dacarbazine

Vemurafenib

ROS generation, upregulation of transferrin, downregulation of ferroportin

Its combination with other drugs had synergistic effect

[114]

Radiotherapy

Immunotherapy

Reduced SLC7A11, and promoted lipid oxidation

[115]

FINs

Radiotherapy

Reduced SLC7A11 expression, inhibited GPX4 activity

[116]

Cyst(e)inase

Radiotherapy

Decreased GSH levels, The combination therapy enhanced lipid oxidation and had a synergistic effect on the melanoma cells

[117]

Gallic acid

Pre-irradiation

produced ROS, Reduced GPX activity and induced lipid peroxidation

[118]

Sulfasalazine

Radiotherapy

reduced repair of damaged DNA, and GSH concentration, and synergistically increased the effect of radiotherapy in the melanoma cells

[119]

Immune checkpoint blockade:

anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA4

-

IFNγ secretion, xCT suppression, lipid ROS production

[120]

Radiation therapy

Cyst(e)inase, Anti-CTLA4,

Anti- PD-L1

IFN release, xCT suppression, ATM

activation, and lipid peroxidation

[121]

Buthionine sulfoximine

-

Inhibited the synthesis of GSH and induced lipid ROS

[94]

Fluvastatin

-

Decreased expression of GPX4

[94]

TGF-β inhibitors and PD-1

Antibodies

FINs

Increased the amount of H2O2, promoted the Fenton reaction, generated hydroxyl radicals

[122]

BAY-87–2243

vemurafenib

increased cellular ROS levels, stimulated lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione levels

upregulate mitochondrial oxygen consumption and decrease glycolysis

[102]

ML162

-

GPX4 inhibition

[123]

ML210

GPX4 inhibition

[124]

RSL3

Lorlatinib

GPX4 inhibition

ALK inhibitor

[125]

Erastin

oncolytic vaccinia virus (Immunotherapy)

System Xc inhibition

[126]

ICG001

Immunotherapy

Wnt inhibitor

[127]

Iridium (III) complex Ir-pbt-Bpa + ferrostatin-1

PDT and Immunotherapy

iron-dependent oxidative stress and/or glutamate toxicity

[128]