Table 2 Onco-suppressor and oncogenic factors involved in melanoma
From: Targeting ferroptosis in melanoma: cancer therapeutics
Gene | Gene type | Function | Comment | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MC1R | Oncogenic | The eumelanin pigments (dark brown pigments) are synthesized in response to UV exposure by this receptor | The high expression leads to the more frequent cell division | [77] |
CDK4 | Oncogenic | Contributing to the regulation of the cell cycle | Triggering metastasis-inducing pathways and also, interfering the phosphorylation of pRB (retinoblastoma protein) in the mid-G1 phase | [78] |
BRAF | Oncogenic | Contributing to regulating cell division and differentiation as a part of the family of signal transduction protein kinases | Activating the MAPK pathway involved besides RAF and the RAS family | [79] |
CCND1 | Oncogenic | In a manner dependent on cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDKs, promote progression of G1-S phase of the cell cycle by inactivating the RB protein | Contributing to the phosphorylation of pRB by binding to CDK4 | [80] |
RAS and NRAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog) | Oncogenic | Regulating cell division by encoding N-Ras protein as GDP–GTP-regulated binary on–off switches | Activation of MAPK and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway | [81] |
c-KIT | Oncogene | Interacting with stem cell factor (SCF), activating downstream signaling molecules, causing the expression of certain genes, regulating cell differentiation and proliferation, and restraining cell apoptosis, associated with tumor formation, development, migration, and recurrence | Induction of both MAPK and PI3K-AKT kinase pathways | [82] |
GNAQ (guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q)) and GNA11 (guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit α-11) | oncogene | Making a guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (Gαq) to activate downstream cellular signaling pathways | Encoding G-protein alpha subunit q and alpha subunit 11, respectively | [83] |
P53 | tumor suppressor gene | controlling cell division and cell death in the cell’s nucleus | Associated with advanced-stage disease | [84] |
TP 53 | tumor suppressor gene | Encoding P53 protein as a tumor suppressor by keeping cells from growing and dividing | A somatic mutation causing abnormal p53 expression | [85] |
P16 | tumor suppressor gene | As a CDK inhibitor; it slows down the progression of the cell cycle | Effecting G1 cyclin-dependent kinases cell regulator | [86] |
BCORL1 | tumor suppressor gene | Encode a transcriptional corepressor binding to promotor regions of DNA binding proteins | Represseing E-cadherin expression via interaction with CtBP | [87] |
PPP2R3B (gonosomal protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B, beta) | tumor suppressor gene | As a major family of Ser/Thr phosphatase gene negatively control cells growth and division | Intervening with DNA replication and cell cycle progression by its regulatory subunit PR70 | [88] |
RASA2 (RAS p21 protein activator 2) | tumor suppressor gene | Encode RasGAP as a tumor suppressor | Activation of RAS GTPase, increase RAS activation, and melanoma cell growth | [89] |
PTEN | tumor suppressor genes | Regulate cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing | Elimination of negative regulating on downstream components of the PI3 kinase pathway and Akt | [90] |
CDKN2A | tumor suppressor genes | Encode the cell cycle inhibitor P16CDKN2A | Disruption of the function of p16INK4a and p14ARF effecting two cell cycle regulatory pathways, the p53 and the RB1 pathways | [91] |