Table 1 Iron and copper have same modes to damage cells
From: Iron and copper: critical executioners of ferroptosis, cuproptosis and other forms of cell death
| Â | Specific manners | Negative effects |
|---|---|---|
Oxidative stress | DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation and protein modification | |
Consumption of GSH [34] | ||
Proteasome inhibition | Copper and iron complexes bind to the 20S proteasome subunits and inhibit the activation of proteasome [35, 36] | Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, differentiation inhibition and apoptosis |