Cell Communication and Signaling

Table 1 Viral proteins and their role in evading NK cell's response

From: Natural killer cells and their exosomes in viral infections and related therapeutic approaches: where are we?

Virus	Protein	Mechanism
B19	?	Counteracts NK cell differentiation, activation, and cytotoxicity by decreasing the expression of TNF-α mRNA [86]
BK	?	Decreases KIR3DS1 activating receptor [87]
HPV	E6 and E7	Decrease the production of IFNs [88,89,90] Inhibits inflammasome-induced inflammation [90, 91]
	?	Downregulates the activating receptors NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D [92]
	?	Weakens the cytotoxic capacity of NK cells [93]
HCMV	UL16	Avoids being detected by NK cells by binding to ULBP1 and MICB [94]
	UL18	binds to an MHC-I inhibitory receptor LIR-1 [95]
	UL40	upregulates the expression of the HLA-E [96]
	UL141	Downregulates the surface CD112 and CD155 [97, 98] Downregulates surface TRAIL death receptors [99]
	UL142	downregulates the cell surface amount of MICA by retention in the cis-Golgi apparatus [100]
	UL148A	Downregulates the MICA by lysosomal degradation [101]
	US18 and US20	Lysosomal degradation of MICA and B7-H6 [102, 103]
	US9	Downregulates MICA^*008 by proteasomal degradation [104]
	US12	Targets different NK cell ligands, adhesion molecules, and cytokine receptors [105]
	pp65	Weakens the cytotoxic capacity of NK cells by disrupting the CD3ζ signaling pathway [79]
	gp34, gp95, gpRL13, and gp68	Avoids ADCC by acting as CD16 (FcγIII receptor) analogs [105]
HSV and VZV	?	Decreases MICA, ULBP1, ULBP2, and ULBP3 [105]
	gD	Avoids being detected by NK cells by decreasing CD112 [106]
	gE-gI complex	Avoids ADCC by acting as CD16 (FcγIII receptor) analogs [105]
HHV-7	U21	Downregulates the surface levels of MICA and MICB [107] Reduces the ULBP1 protein by lysosomal degradation [107]
KSHV	ORF54-encoded protein	downregulates an unknown ligand of NKp44 [108]
	vMIP-II (vCCL2)	acts as an antagonist for Fractalkine and RANTES chemokine receptors to inhibit NK cell migration [109]
	K5	Downregulates MICA and AICL cell surface levels by intracellular retention [110]
SARS-CoV-2	Spike	Increases the surface expression of HLA [111]
DENV	?	Avoids being detected by NK cells by upregulating MHC-I [112]
HCV	?	downregulates the expression of NKG2D and NKp30 [113]
RSV	?	downregulates the expression of NKG2D and NKp44 [114]
EBOV	VP24 and VP35	Act as antagonists to IFNs [115, 116]
Marburg virus	VP40	Blocks the type I IFNs signaling [117]
HIV	nef	Decreases the cell surface amount of MICA, ULBP1, and ULBP2 [77] Decreases the NK cell activity by intracellular retention of NKp44 ligands [118]
	nef and vpn	downregulates the expression of NTB-A and CD155 [119,120,121]
	?	Impairs the expression and function of NKG2D [122]

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ISSN: 1478-811X

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