Fig. 12

The MAO-B/5-HIAA/GPR35 and MAO-B/ROS pathways are essential for FMD-induced neuroinflammation reduction. A and C. Representative images and quantification of GFAP⁺ astrocytes in spinal cord sections (n = 3, F_{3, 8} = 12.71, P = 0.0021, scale bars: 50 or 100 μm). B and D. Representative images and quantification of IBA1⁺ microglia in spinal cord sections (n = 3, F_{3, 8} = 17.11, P = 0.0008, scale bars: 50 or 100 μm). E–G. ELISAs detecting IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the spinal cords of mice (n = 5, IL-1β: F_{3, 16} = 56.48, P < 0.0001; IL-6: F_{3, 16} = 45.68, P < 0.0001; TNF-α: F‍‍_{3, ‍16} = 65.76, P < 0.0001). The expression levels in the vehicle group were set to 1 for quantification. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, compared with the vehicle group mice. #P < 0.05, compared with the FMD mice