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Table 2 Mechanisms underlying the role of linear ubiquitination in cancer

From: Mechanisms underlying linear ubiquitination and implications in tumorigenesis and drug discovery

Cancer type

Gene

Mechanism

Ref

Lymphoma

HOIP

Q584H and Q662L mutations of HOIP increase LUBAC activity and NF-κB signaling

[45]

Lymphoma

CARD11

Oncogenic CARD11 variants facilitate BCL10 linear ubiquitination by co-recruitment of HOIP and BCL10

[71]

Myeloid leukemia

HOIP

Knockdown of HOIP increases apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells

[109]

Breast cancer

Epsin1/2

Heightened epsin levels promote NEMO linear ubiquitination, resulting in sustained NF-κB signaling

[110]

Breast cancer

HOIP

HOIP facilitates p53 polyubiquitination and degradation by stabilizing MDM2

[111]

Breast cancer

SHARPIN

SHARPIN prolongs MDM2 protein stability to facilitate p53 degradation

[112]

Breast cancer

SHARPIN

SHARPIN mediates monoubiquitination of ERα, blocking ERα polyubiquitination and protein degradation

[113]

Breast cancer

HOIL-1

HOIL-1 promots the transcription of ERα and cyclin B1

[114]

Breast cancer

HOIL-1

HOIL-1 promotes YAP polyubiquitination and degradation

[115]

Prostate cancer

PTEN

R173H and R173C mutations of PETN enhance the linear ubiquitination of PTEN, inhibiting PTEN phosphatase activity

[77]

Ovarian cancer

HOIL-1

HOIL-1 promotes PTEN polyubiquitination and degradation

[116]

Renal cell carcinoma

HOIL-1

HOIL-1 facilitates p53 proteolytic ubiquitination

[117]

Renal cell carcinoma

SHARPIN

SHARPIN promotes the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the tumor suppressor Von Hippel-Lindau

[118]

Skin cancer

SHARPIN

SHARPIN promotes Rap1 expression

[119]

Skin cancer

SHARPIN

SHARPIN enhances PRMT5 methyltransferase activity

[120]

Liver cancer

HOIL-1

HOIL-1 mediates the PPARγ/PGC1α complex ubiquitination and protein degradation

[121]

Liver cancer

OTULIN

OTULIN inhibits FADD and RIPK1 kinase-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis

[122]

Lung cancer

SHARPIN

SHARPIN interacts with PRMT5 to regulate histone H3R2 methylation-coupled transcriptional activation

[123]

Lung cancer

HOIL-1

HOIL-1 targets PKCζ for proteasomal degradation to promote tumor survival

[124]

Glioblastoma

OTULIN

OTULIN removes linear ubiquitin conjugated on STAT3, leading to persistent STAT3 signaling

[79]

Gastric cancer

SHARPIN

SHARPIN prevents β-catenin ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation

[125]