Table 4 Different delivery systems for exosome treatment of MI animal models
Delivery system | System composition | Source of exosomes | Route of Administration | Animal model | Key features | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogel delivery system | Peptide amphiphile/ growth hormone-releasing peptides/ NapFF peptide hydrogel | UMSCs | Intramyocardial injection | MI rat | This functional peptide hydrogel can significantly improve infarcted myocardial functionthan exosomes alone | [151] |
| Â | Aniline tetrame-epoxy macromer/thiolated hyaluronic acid/ CP05 peptide hydrogel | UMSCs | Intramyocardial injection | MI rat | The composite hydrogel-exosome system has good targeting and conductivity that matches native myocardium and can significantly improve cardiac function | [153] |
| Â | Angiogenin-1 hydrogel | Aslet-1 overexpression in MSCs | Intramyocardial injection | MI mouse | Angiogenin-1 hydrogel could notably retain exosomes at ischemic sites, which improved the survival and angiogenesis of ECs | [157] |
|  | Methacrylic anhydride–hyaluronic acid hydrogel | MSCs | Intrapericardial injection | MI mouse, porcine | Intrapericardial injection allows the hydrogel to form a cardiac patch in the pericardial cavity | [155] |
| Â | Alginate hydrogel | ADMSCs | Intramyocardial injection | MI rat | Exosomes loaded with miRNA-126 and miRNA-146a mimics synergistically enhance cardiac regeneration and therapeutic effects, partly by upregulating PI3K/AKT signaling | [158] |
| Â | Hyaluronic acid hydrogel | MSCs | Intrapericardial injection | Heart failure rat, porcine | The hydrogel-exosome system reduces the size of the left ventricle, preserves ventricular wall thickness | [156] |
| Â | Shear-thinning gel | Allogeneic EPCs | Intramyocardial injection | MI rat | Allogeneic EPC-EVs elicit minimal immune activity and maintain therapeutic efficacy in post-MI model after at least 2Â months of cryopreservation | [159] |
Engineered cardiac scaffold | Decellularized cardiac tissue/ peptide hydrogel scaffold | ADMSCs | Placement of cardiac scaffold | MI porcine | This engineered cardiac scaffold ensures controlled local dosage and release of exosomes, generating a vascularised bioactive niche | [160] |
Microneedle Patch | Biocompatible microneedle patch based on gelatin | UMSCs | Implantation of this patch in the infarcted region | MI mouse | Exosomes loaded with miR-29b mimics exert antifibrotic effects, partly through modulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway | [161] |