Table 2 Intestinal microbiota imbalance in various diseases

IBD

Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Proteus genera

Bacteroidetes, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, Clostridium leptum, and Akkermansia muciniphila, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Thermotogae, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, and Rhominis

[21, 103,104,105]

CRC

Bacteroides sp., C. cocleatum, Collinsella spp, S. xylosus, P. excrementihominis, Muribaculum spp, A. equolifaciens, P. goldsteinii, F. aecalibaculum spp, B. faecis, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis

Akkermansia muciniphila, B. pseudolongum, L. johnsonii, Olsenella spp, Prevotellasp, Colidextribacter spp, Bacillus spp, B. acidifaciens, L. reuteri, and E. faecalis

[106, 107]

Obesity

Firmicutes

Bacteroides, and Bifidobacteria

[108,109,110,111]

T2D

Proteobacteria, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Acinetobacter baumanii

Bacteroides

[112,113,114]

NAFLD

Anaerococcus, Ruminococcus, Peptoniphilus, Dorea, Bradyrhizobium, Propionibacterium acnes, Bateroides, Mucispirillum, Desulfovibrio, Anaerotruncus, and Desulfovibrionaceae

Bacteroides, Lactobacillus curvatus, L. plantarum, Bifidobacterium spp., Rikenellaceae, Oscillospira, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium

[115,116,117,118]

Pneumonia and respiratory diseases

Coprobacillus, Clostridium ramosum, and C. hathewayi

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides dorei, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. massiliensis, and B. ovatus

[119, 120]

CKD

Firmicutes, Proteobacteria phyla, Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus, Romboutsia, and Actinobacteria

Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Clostridium, Coprococcu, and Lactobacilli

[12, 106, 121, 122]

Hypertension

Bacteroides, Klebsiella, Parabacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, Actinobacteria, and Phascolarcto bacterium

Proteobacteria, Ruminococcaceae, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium spp., Lactobacillus, Oscillibacter, Lachnospira, Prevotella, and Alistipes

[13, 29, 123,124,125]

Neurologic disorders

Streptococcus vestibularis, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides plebeius, Veillonellaparvula, Clostridium symbiosum, Eubacterium siraeum, Cronobacter sakazakii/turicensis, S. vestibularis, Alkaliphilus oremlandii, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium longum, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroides, Coprococcussp., Anaerococcus, and Lactobacillus fermentum

Proteobacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Haemophilus spp., Sutterella spp., Clostridium spp., Gemmiger, Roseburia, Lachnospira, and Anaerostipes

[126,127,128]