Fig. 6

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) alleviate hypertension, neurologic disorders, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) by modulating immunity. SCFAs alleviates hypertension by reducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) entry into the blood and inhibiting cardiac Treg cells. SCFAs can also alleviate neurological diseases by reducing axonal damage via the inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK-1)/p-38 pathway. In addition, SCFAs alleviate renal fibrosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK-1/p-38 pathway. Other abbreviations are: GPCR: G protein-coupled receptors; FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; and MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1