Fig. 5

ATRA suppressed proliferation, migration/invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of HCC cells by decreasing PAK1 activation. A PLC and Huh7 cells were treated with ATRA (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 μM) for 48 h, followed by CCK-8 assay to determine proliferation. Cell sphere formation (B), colony formation (C), invasion (D) and migration (E) of PLC and Huh7 cells treated with or without 20 μM ATRA were measured. F PLC and Huh7 cells were cultured with or without 20 μM ATRA for 48 h. The expression of PAK1 and pPAK1 was analysed. CT, control; ***p < 0.001, compared with CT. Scale bar, 100 μm. The data are from three independent experiments