Fig. 7
From: The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy
Immunoregulatory effects of MSCs on macrophage in a contact-dependent manner or secrection of cytokines and growth factors or extracellular vesicles. MSCs suppress macrophage migration and regulate their polarization. Notes: MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; PD-L1: Programmed death-1 ligand; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IDO: Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; M: Macrophages; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TSG-6: TNF-stimulated gene-6; IL: Interleukin; C–C motif chemokine ligand 2; IL-1RA: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist